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After activation, TLR4 recruits two adaptor proteins (MyD88 and TRIF) to activate downstream kinases (TAK1, MAPKs, TBK1, and IRF3) and transcriptional factors such as NF-B, AP-1, and IRF, respectively, inducing inflammatory gene transcription and cytokine expression 13

doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116547 208 DoddDSpitzerMHVan TreurenWMerrillBDHryckowianAJHigginbottomSKet al

PD is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, often accompanied by elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and Cox-2 (an enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins, including PGE2), along with other inflammatory mediators such as ILs, TNF-, and INF- (Mehta et al

Pharmacological basis for the role of curcumin in chronic diseases: an age-old spice with modern targets