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2019;317:C127888

Benedetto, R

Spasms can last from a few seconds to more than 15 minutes and may recur multiple times before stopping

Both panic disorder and CVS follow a similar temporality pattern and share clinical signs of sympathetic nervous system activation, suggesting they can share certain pathophysiologic mechanisms.63 Different experts posit that previous adverse experiences or chronic stress can be risk factors for developing CVS,65 given that such events can affect neuronal processing and alter allostatic regulation, predisposing certain patients to the syndrome.6567 Due to the high prevalence of mood disorders in CVS, recent clinical guidelines suggest offering some type of mind-body therapy, such as meditation, relaxation therapies, or even cognitive-behavioral therapy, to the majority of patients.68 Diet-related disease Although there is currently little scientific evidence for establishing a relation between specific foods and CVS, the consumption of chocolate, cheese, and monosodium glutamate has been described as a possible trigger of CVS attacks.60,69 Curiously, those same foods have long been associated with migraine,70 and several mechanisms can explain the associations