In in vitro macrophage polarization models, exogenous -KG significantly increases Arg1 expression and suppresses iNOS expression, and changes in the -KG/succinate ratio are closely associated with the expression of M2-related genes ( in vitro cultured macrophage models, high concentrations of leucine can enhance anti-inflammatory gene expression through mechanistic target of mTORC1 signaling, which is inconsistent with other theoretical views and suggests that its effects are condition-dependent (29)
Apoptosis 23:679694 Regina A, Demeule M, Che C, Lavallee I, Poirier J, Gabathuler R, Bliveau R, Castaigne JP (2008) Antitumour activity of ANG1005, a conjugate between paclitaxel and the new brain delivery vector Angiopep-2
Half-life Plasma half-life ~30 min in vivo
Pretreatment with GHK-Cu strongly promoted Nrf2 expression while significantly reducing the level of Keap1 in the cytoplasm compared to the CS group (Figures 4A,C,D)